This is Set 16 of 60 in the smartvidya question bank on Teaching Aptitude (UGC NET Paper 1, Unit I). Part II: Learner characteristics. This set covers Erikson, Kohlberg, emotional intelligence and self-concept.
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Set 16: Social, Emotional and Moral Development
1. Erik Erikson's theory of development is described as
(a) psychosexual
(b) cognitive
(c) psychosocial
(d) behaviourist
Ans. (c) psychosocial — Explanation: Erikson emphasised social influences and proposed eight psychosocial stages across the lifespan. [Ref: Erikson, psychosocial stages]
2. Erikson proposed how many stages of psychosocial development?
(a) Six
(b) Eight
(c) Five
(d) Four
Ans. (b) Eight — Explanation: Erikson's stages extend from infancy (trust versus mistrust) to old age (integrity versus despair). [Ref: Erikson, psychosocial stages]
3. The psychosocial crisis of children in the primary school years (about six to twelve years) is
(a) generativity versus stagnation
(b) industry versus inferiority
(c) intimacy versus isolation
(d) trust versus mistrust
Ans. (b) industry versus inferiority — Explanation: Children develop a sense of competence through school tasks or feel inferior if they fail repeatedly. [Ref: Erikson, psychosocial stages]
4. The first stage in Erikson's theory is
(a) identity versus role confusion
(b) autonomy versus shame and doubt
(c) initiative versus guilt
(d) trust versus mistrust
Ans. (d) trust versus mistrust — Explanation: In infancy, consistent care builds basic trust. [Ref: Erikson, psychosocial stages]
5. Intimacy versus isolation is the crisis of
(a) adolescence
(b) old age
(c) young adulthood
(d) early childhood
Ans. (c) young adulthood — Explanation: Young adults seek close relationships; failure may lead to isolation. [Ref: Erikson, psychosocial stages]
6. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory deals with
(a) moral development
(b) motor development
(c) intelligence testing
(d) language development
Ans. (a) moral development — Explanation: Kohlberg studied how moral reasoning develops through levels and stages. [Ref: Kohlberg, moral development]
7. Kohlberg used moral dilemmas such as the
(a) three mountains task
(b) Bobo doll experiment
(c) Skinner box
(d) Heinz dilemma
Ans. (d) Heinz dilemma — Explanation: In the Heinz dilemma, a man considers stealing a drug to save his dying wife. [Ref: Kohlberg, Heinz dilemma]
8. Kohlberg's three levels of moral development are
(a) pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional
(b) enactive, iconic and symbolic
(c) concrete, formal and abstract
(d) oral, anal and phallic
Ans. (a) pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional — Explanation: Each level has two stages, giving six stages in all. [Ref: Kohlberg, moral development]
9. A child obeys rules only to avoid punishment. According to Kohlberg, this is at the
(a) conventional level
(b) post-conventional level
(c) universal ethical level
(d) pre-conventional level
Ans. (d) pre-conventional level — Explanation: The first stage, obedience and punishment orientation, belongs to the pre-conventional level. [Ref: Kohlberg, moral development]
10. "Good boy–good girl" orientation, in which a person seeks approval of others, belongs to Kohlberg's
(a) conventional level
(b) sensorimotor level
(c) pre-conventional level
(d) post-conventional level
Ans. (a) conventional level — Explanation: The interpersonal concordance stage is the first stage of the conventional level. [Ref: Kohlberg, moral development]
11. The highest stage in Kohlberg's theory is oriented towards
(a) obedience and punishment
(b) law and order
(c) self-interest
(d) universal ethical principles
Ans. (d) universal ethical principles — Explanation: At the highest stage, individuals follow self-chosen ethical principles of justice and human rights. [Ref: Kohlberg, moral development]
12. Kohlberg's theory was criticised by Carol Gilligan mainly for
(a) focusing only on infants
(b) neglecting an ethic of care, especially in women's moral reasoning
(c) being based on animal studies
(d) ignoring cognition
Ans. (b) neglecting an ethic of care, especially in women's moral reasoning — Explanation: Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's justice-based scheme overlooked care and relationships. [Ref: Gilligan (1982)]
13. The concept of emotional intelligence was first formally proposed by
(a) Howard Gardner
(b) Daniel Goleman
(c) Alfred Binet
(d) Peter Salovey and John Mayer
Ans. (d) Peter Salovey and John Mayer — Explanation: Salovey and Mayer defined emotional intelligence in 1990; Daniel Goleman popularised it in 1995. [Ref: Salovey and Mayer (1990)]
14. The book "Emotional Intelligence" (1995) that popularised the concept was written by
(a) Robert Sternberg
(b) Daniel Goleman
(c) Peter Salovey
(d) Carl Rogers
Ans. (b) Daniel Goleman — Explanation: Goleman's book made emotional intelligence widely known in education and management. [Ref: Goleman (1995)]
15. Which of the following is a component of emotional intelligence according to Goleman?
(a) Numerical ability
(b) Rote memory
(c) Spatial ability
(d) Self-awareness
Ans. (d) Self-awareness — Explanation: Goleman's components include self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills. [Ref: Goleman (1995)]
16. Self-concept refers to
(a) the way a person perceives himself or herself
(b) a type of intelligence test
(c) the teacher's opinion of a student
(d) the learner's handwriting
Ans. (a) the way a person perceives himself or herself — Explanation: Self-concept is a person's overall perception of his abilities, appearance and worth. [Ref: Self-concept]
17. Albert Bandura defined self-efficacy as
(a) the opinion of others about a person
(b) a person's belief in his capacity to succeed at specific tasks
(c) the number of tasks a person completes
(d) the actual ability of a person
Ans. (b) a person's belief in his capacity to succeed at specific tasks — Explanation: Self-efficacy affects effort, persistence and choice of tasks. [Ref: Bandura, self-efficacy]
18. Socialisation of a child begins first in the
(a) political party
(b) workplace
(c) family
(d) school
Ans. (c) family — Explanation: The family is the primary agency of socialisation. [Ref: Socialisation]
19. Which classroom practice best supports social development?
(a) Only individual seatwork
(b) Cooperative group work with shared goals
(c) Competitive ranking in every activity
(d) Silent copying from the board
Ans. (b) Cooperative group work with shared goals — Explanation: Cooperative tasks develop communication, sharing and teamwork. [Ref: Cooperative learning]
20. Emotions in children can best be managed by teachers through
(a) ignoring emotions completely
(b) suppressing all emotions
(c) recognising feelings and teaching healthy ways to express them
(d) punishing emotional expression
Ans. (c) recognising feelings and teaching healthy ways to express them — Explanation: Social-emotional learning helps children identify and regulate their emotions. [Ref: Social-emotional learning]
21. Piaget studied moral development by observing children's
(a) understanding of rules in games such as marbles
(b) handwriting
(c) scores in intelligence tests
(d) reactions to punishment only
Ans. (a) understanding of rules in games such as marbles — Explanation: In "The Moral Judgment of the Child" (1932), Piaget studied how children understand game rules and justice. [Ref: Piaget (1932)]
22. Piaget distinguished heteronomous morality from
(a) imitative morality
(b) post-conventional morality
(c) autonomous morality
(d) conventional morality
Ans. (c) autonomous morality — Explanation: Young children see rules as fixed and imposed (heteronomous); older children see them as agreements that can change (autonomous). [Ref: Piaget (1932)]
23. A student understands rules as social contracts that may be changed by agreement for the common good. Kohlberg would place this reasoning at the
(a) conventional level
(b) sensorimotor level
(c) post-conventional level
(d) pre-conventional level
Ans. (c) post-conventional level — Explanation: The social contract orientation is the first stage of the post-conventional level. [Ref: Kohlberg, moral development]
24. Moral education in schools is best promoted through
(a) discussion of moral dilemmas, examples set by teachers and democratic practices
(b) avoiding all value discussion
(c) punishment for every mistake
(d) only memorising moral sayings
Ans. (a) discussion of moral dilemmas, examples set by teachers and democratic practices — Explanation: Moral reasoning develops through reflection, discussion and observing role models. [Ref: Moral education]
25. Attachment theory, which stresses the bond between infant and caregiver, is associated with
(a) John Bowlby
(b) Howard Gardner
(c) Edward Thorndike
(d) B.F. Skinner
Ans. (a) John Bowlby — Explanation: Bowlby argued that a secure early attachment is important for emotional and social development. [Ref: Bowlby, attachment theory]
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